How to Cite Tessère Open Witness (TOW)

This page provides guidance for journalists, researchers, non-governmental organizations, and investigators on how to cite information produced by Tessère Open Witness (TOW) responsibly.

What TOW provides

TOW provides structured summaries of reported observations and their correlation status.

TOW does not provide legal conclusions, attribution of responsibility, or determinations of intent or lawfulness.

Recommended citation language

When referencing TOW, use language such as:

• “According to Tessère Open Witness, reports indicate that…”
• “TOW records describe reported observations of…”
• “TOW has documented submissions consistent with…”

Language to avoid

Do not describe TOW as:

• confirming attacks
• proving responsibility
• verifying legality or illegality
• establishing intent or motive

Use with other sources

TOW information should be used alongside primary evidence, direct investigation, and independent reporting.

TOW records provide contextual inputs and should not be treated as standalone determinations.

Updates and revisions

TOW records may evolve as new information appears. Responsible citations should include:

• event identifier
• publication date
• access date

This ensures transparency as records are updated over time.